Allosensitization is a fundamental problem that limits the effectivene
ss of blood transfusions. Patients who receive multiple transfusions o
f blood or blood components frequently develop alloantibodies against
donor alloantigens. Allosensitized patients are refractory to further
transfusion and difficult to transplant successfully. CTLA4Ig fusion p
rotein, which blocks the CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway in T-lymphocyte
activation, was tested for its capacity to inhibit allosensitization
to blood transfusions. Groups of LEW (RT1(l)) rats were transfused wit
h ACI blood (RT1(a)) together with L6 (a human immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1
] antibody as isotype control) or CTLA4Ig in different doses (0.004, 0
.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg). Rats were retransfused with ACI blood after 28
and 84 days without any additional CTLA4Ig therapy. Weekly sera sample
s were tested for alloantibody against donor leukocytes using flow cyt
ometry. CTLA4Ig caused a dose-dependent decrease in the IgM alloantibo
dy response against donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class
I antigens. In addition, 0.02-, 0.1-, and 0.50-mg doses of CTLA4Ig to
tally inhibited the IgG responses to the first transfusion, and this i
mmunosuppressive effect persisted for the second and third transfusion
s. To study the capacity of CTLA4Ig to prevent a secondary immune resp
onse, three groups of LEW rats were transfused with ACI blood with no
accompanying treatment. Animals were retransfused 28 days later with A
CI blood together with L6 control antibody or 0.5 or 2.5 mg CTLA4Ig. C
TLA4Ig, but not L6, prevented an increase in IgG alloantibody response
despite repeated transfusions. The effects of CTLA4Ig treatment on he
lper T-lymphocyte proliferation was tested by limiting dilution analys
is (LDA). Peripheral blood cells taken 30 days after blood transfusion
and CTLA4Ig treatment contained significantly decreased donor-specifi
c T-lymphocyte precursors compared with L6-treated rats. These data su
pport the idea that blocking the B7/CD28 signal of T-lymphocyte activa
tion by CTLA4Ig treatment at the time of transfusion may be an importa
nt therapeutic tool to inhibit alloantibody responses to blood transfu
sions. (C) 1996 by The American Society of Hematology.