Abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches and the
intervening branchial cleft and pharyngeal pouch can result in a varie
ty of deformities affecting the external auditory canal and the middle
ear. This article reviews several of these deformities, including ext
ernal auditory canal stenosis and atresia (minor and major congenital
ear malformations) and external auditory canal duplication anomalies (
type I and type II branchial cleft cysts).