Ethnomathematics is a relatively new discipline that investigates math
ematical knowledge in small-scale, indigenous cultures. This essay loc
ates ethnomathematics as one of five distinct subfields within a gener
al anthropology of mathematics and describes interactions between cult
ural and epistemological features that have created these divisions. I
t reviews the political and pedagogical issues in which ethnomathemati
cs research and practice is immersed and examines the possibilities fo
r both conflict and collaboration with the goals, theories, and method
s of serial constructivism.