E2F-INDUCED S-PHASE REQUIRES CYCLIN-E

Both the heterodimeric transcription factor, E2F, and the G(1) cyclin, cyclin E, are required for the G(1)-S transition at the start of the metazoan cell cycle. It has been established that cyclin E can act as an upstream activator of E2F. In addition to this action, we show here that cyclin E has an essential role in DNA replication distinct from activating E2F. We have created transgenic Drosophila capable of induc ible, ectopic production of E2F activity. Simultaneous overexpression of both Drosophila E2F subunits, dE2F and dDP, in embryos stimulated t he expression of multiple E2F-target genes including cycIin E, and als o caused the initiation of S phase. Mutation of cycIin E prevented the initiation of S phase after overexpression of dE2E/dDP without affect ing induction of target gene expression. Thus, E2F-directed transcript ion cannot bypass loss of cyclin E in Drosophila embryos.