Radiation therapy has considerably evolved in I century. After the rev
olution due to cobalt in the beginning of the sixties, we are now ente
ring the 2nd revolution in three fields in external radiotherapy. Meth
odology: the development of quality assurance programmes gives the gua
rantee that the treatment is done as it is prescribed. Technology: rec
ent developments allow conformal radiation therapy which permits to in
crease the dose without increasing side effects. Biology: the implemen
tation of predictive assays will permit to choose rile best modality o
f treatment for each patient. In brachytherapy, the use of high dose r
ate radioactive sources increases indications in locations not yet acc
essible. Pulse dose rate brachytherapy increases radio-protection and
will make optimization possible in complex volumes. In the future, ind
ications of curative radiotherapy will probably increase in regard to
earlier diagnosis of many cancers and to increase of efficacy of gener
al treatments on metastatic disease.