Ja. Tencate et Tj. Shankland, SLOW DYNAMICS IN THE NONLINEAR ELASTIC RESPONSE OF BEREA SANDSTONE, Geophysical research letters, 23(21), 1996, pp. 3019-3022
A typical resonance curve-measured acceleration versus drive frequency
-made on a thin bar of rock shows peak bending with a softening (nonli
near) modulus as drive levels are increased. The shapes of these nonli
near resonance curves were found in earlier work to depend somewhat on
sweep rate; these ''slow dynamics'' are now examined and quantified.
We have measured slow dynamics in a 0.3 m long, 50 mm diameter bar of
Berea sandstone under ambient conditions. Peak strain levels during th
e experiments ranged from 10(-11) to 10(-5) at driving frequencies nea
r 4 kHz, the fundamental longitudinal resonance frequency of the bar.
Slow dynamics begin to manifest themselves at strain amplitudes above
10(-6) at ambient conditions and at the onset of nonlinear peak bendin
g. Strains above this value condition the rock, altering its response
for minutes to hours after the drive has been turned off.