Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) ar
e isolated from a wide variety of ecosystems ranging from sub-Arctic t
o arid and tropical climates. It is expected that natural populations
of these nematodes will be pre-adapted to specific ecological conditio
ns in their environments. However, little is known about the survival
strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes. This review focuses on the m
ain survival mechanisms involved in the long-term persistence of nemat
odes: extreme temperature tolerance (cold and heat), desiccation toler
ance, osmotic tolerance, pesticide resistance and limitations of aerat
ion. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms for survival are discuss
ed. The review addresses the implications of the survival strategies o
n the establishment of exotic and indigenous steinernematids and heter
orhabditids.