TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

The purpose of this article is to present an integrative model of cros s-cultural counseling and psychotherapy. Illustrated by a series of cr itical incidents, it is argued that unidimensional models of cross-cul tural counseling and psychotherapy are inherently limited. Using Kluck hohn and Murray's tripartite model of personality, an integrative, seq uential, and dynamic model of cross-cultural counseling is advanced. S upport for the validity of the Kluckhohn and Murray model is first rev iewed. This is followed by a delineation of the components of the curr ent integrative model: (a) Outgroup homogeneity effect, (b) Cultural s chema theory, (c) Complimentarity theory, (d) Science of complexity, a nd (e) Mindfulness. The operation of this model is described in a seri es of figures and the implications for counseling practice and future research is discussed.