IS ADHD A RISK FACTOR FOR PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS - FINDINGS FROM A 4-YEAR PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP-STUDY

Objective: To evaluate whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorde r (ADHD) is a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders (PS UD), attending to issues of psychiatric comorbidity, family history, a nd adversity. Method: Using assessments from multiple domains, the aut hors examined 140 ADHD and 120 normal control subjects at baseline and 4 years later. Drug and alcohol abuse and dependence were operational ly defined. Results: No differences were detected in the rates of alco hol or drug abuse or dependence or in the rates of abuse of individual substances between the groups; both ADHD and control probands had a 1 5% rate of PSUD. Conduct and bipolar disorders predicted PSUD, indepen dently of ADHD status. Family history of substance dependence and anti social disorders was associated with PSUD in controls but less clearly so in ADHD probands. Family history of ADHD was not associated with r isk for PSUD. ADHD probands had a significantly shorter time period be tween the onsets of abuse and dependence compared with controls (1.2 y ears versus 3 years, p < .01). Conclusions: Adolescents with and witho ut ADHD had a similar risk for PSUD that was mediated by conduct and b ipolar disorder. Since the risk for PSUD has been shown to be elevated in adults with ADHD when compared with controls, a sharp increase in PSUD is to be expected in grown-up ADHD children during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.