Ke. Pickering et al., CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT OF BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS OVER BRAZIL DURING TRACE-A, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 101(D19), 1996, pp. 23993-24012
A series of large mesoscale convective systems that occurred during th
e Brazilian phase of GTE/TRACE A (Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry
near the Equator-Atlantic) provided an opportunity to observe deep con
vective transport of trace gases from biomass burning. This paper repo
rts a detailed analysis uf flight 6, on September 27, 1992, which samp
led cloud- and biomass-burning-perturbed regions north of Brasilia. Hi
gh-frequency sampling of cloud outflow at 9-12 km from the NASA DC-8 s
howed enhancement of CO mixing ratios typically a factor of 3 above ba
ckground (200-300 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) versus 90 ppbv) a
nd significant increases in NO, and hydrocarbons, Clear signals of lig
htning-generated NO were detected; we estimate that at least 40% of NO
x at the 9.5-km level and 32% at 11.3 km originated from lightning, Fo
ur types of model studies have been performed to analyze the dynamical
and photochemical characteristics of the series of convective events.
(1) Regional simulations for the period have been performed with the
NCAR/Penn State mesoscale model (MM5), including tracer transport of c
arbon monoxide, initialized with observations. Middle-upper tropospher
ic enhancements of a factor of 3 above background are reproduced. (2)
A cloud-resolving model (the Goddard cumulus ensemble (GCE) model) has
been run for one representative convective cell during the September
26-27 episode. (3) Photochemical calculations (the Goddard tropospheri
c chemical model), initialized with trace gas observations (e.g., CO,
NOx, hydrocarbons, O-3) observed in cloud outflow, show appreciable O-
3 formation postconvection, initially up to 7-8 ppbv O-3/d. (4) Forwar
d trajectories from cloud outflow levels (postconvective conditions) p
ut the ozone-producing air masses in eastern Brazil and the tropical A
tlantic within 2-4 days and over the Atlantic, Africa, and the Indian
Ocean in 6-8 days, Indeed, 3-4 days after the convective episode (Sept
ember 30, 1992), upper tropospheric levels in the Natal ozone sounding
show an average increase of similar to 30 ppbv (3 Dobson units (DU) i
ntegrated) compared to the September 28 sounding. Our simulated net O-
3 production rates in cloud outflow are a factor of 3 or more greater
than those in air undisturbed by the storms, Integrated over the 8- to
16-km cloud outflow layer, the postconvection net O-3 production (sim
ilar to 5-6 DU over 8 days) accounts for similar to 25% of the excess
O-3 (15-25 DU) over the South Atlantic. Comparison of TRACE A Brazilia
n ozonesondes and the frequency of deep convection with climatology [K
irchhoff et al., this issue] suggests that the late September 1992 con
ditions represented an unusually active period for both convection and
upper tropospheric ozone formation.