ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANATOMY OF T HE HEAD AND BRAIN - MANAGEMENT OF HEAD-INJURIES OVER THE AGES

Advances in both medicine and surgery are occurring at a fast pace as a result of discoveries made not only in the corresponding fields but also in biology, anatomy, pathology, physics, pharmacy, chemistry, and bacteriology. Although neurosurgery is a recent specialty, trephinati on has been used since prehistoric times. This article outlines the ac cumulation over time of knowledge on the anatomy of the head and brain , on the functions of the brain, and on the pathologic characteristics of cranial and cerebral disorders. Regarding head injuries, changes i n the investigations used (roentgenograms, EEG, ultrasonography, lumba r puncture, funduscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance im aging), in operative techniques, in anesthesia, in asepsis, and in int ensive care strategies are discussed. Emphasis is put on the need for teamwork and on the history of trephination. The current management of head injuries is the result of advances in multiple disciplines. The key role of prevention should be underlined.