THE TRANSITION FROM A NEUTRAL-PH DOUBLE HELIX TO A LOW-PH TRIPLE-HELIX INDUCES A CONFORMATIONAL SWITCH IN THE CCCG TETRALOOP CLOSING A WATSON-CRICK STEM

The CCCG-loop in a DNA fragment, which is capable of forming an intram olecular triple helix as well as a hairpin structure, was investigated by NMR and molecular modeling studies. The structure of this loop is found as a type II conformation, one of the three commonly observed fo lding patterns of tetraloops, irrespective of the geometry of the unde rlying helix. In each situation, the loop exhibits a base-pair between the first cytosine and the guanine residue of the loop. The geometry of this base-pair, however, depends upon the circumstances. At neutral pH, in the hairpin form of the molecule, a Watson-Crick C . G base-pa ir is formed, whereas at low pH, when the strand exists as an intramol ecular triple helix, a Hoogsteen C+-G base-pair is present. We used mo lecular modeling to lay the foundations for understanding the observed conformational switch. A lower amount of strain, related to the short C1'-C1' of the base-pair, and protonation effects of the structure co mprising the Hoogsteen base-pair turn out to outweigh the effects of a more stable base-pair, improved stacking and more favorable interacti ons in the minor groove of the structure comprising the Watson-Crick C . G base-pair. The models also provide an explanation for the general preference of loops meeting the consensus sequence -d(CYNG)- to fold into a type II conformation, i.e. with the base of second loop residue turned into the minor groove. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited