K. Fiedler et al., CONSTRUCTIVE BIASES IN SOCIAL JUDGMENT - EXPERIMENTS ON THE SELF-VERIFICATION OF QUESTION CONTENTS, Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(5), 1996, pp. 861-873
Merely thinking about a proposition can increase its subjective truth,
even when it is initially denied. Propositions may trigger inferences
that depend not on evidence for truth but only on the semantic match
with relevant knowledge. In a series of experiments, participants were
presented with questions implying positive or negative judgments of d
iscussants in a videotaped talk show. Subsequent ratings were biased t
oward the question contents, even when the judges themselves initially
denied the questions. However, this constructive bias is subject to e
pistemic constraints. Judgments were biased only when knowledge about
the target's role (active agent vs. passive recipient role) was matche
d by the semantic-linguistic implications of propositions (including a
ction verbs vs. state verbs).