Existing models of banking panics contain no role for monetary factors
and fail to explain why some banking systems experienced panics while
others did not. A monetary model is constructed, where seasonal varia
tions in the demand for liquidity and credit play a critical role in g
enerating banking panics. These panics occur when there are restrictio
ns on the issue of currency by private banks, but they do nor occur if
banks are unrestricted. Empirical evidence from Canada and the United
States for the period 1880-1910 is largely consistent with the predic
tions of the model.