The Symposium on School Quality and Educational Outcomes contains seve
ral papers attempting to resolve conflicts in the literature on the ef
fect of school inputs on achievement and earnings. The articles replic
ate past studies, reconcile their results, and/or examine their robust
ness to specification. The papers identify several key issues which ac
count for major differences in findings, including whether (1) school
input effects have declined secularly, (2) the analysis is conducted a
t the aggregate state level or the disaggregate school district or sch
ool level, and (3) family-specific effects such as those captured in s
ibling studies are adequately controlled.