WAKING THE SLEEPING GIANTS - COMMERCIALIZING STATE RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED-STATES AND RUSSIA

Survey data from 100 military R&D organizations in the Moscow area are used to compare the efficacy for Russia of the main organizational to ols used by U.S. federal labs to encourage the transfer of military re search to civilian product development. Structural isolation of the mi litary in both systems has led to a critical gap between commercializi ng defense technologists and the new markets they hope to enter. This research Ends that, in Russia as in the United States, reliance on int er-organizational ties and the creation of spin-offs are associated wi th more active methods of pursuing technology transfer. (C) 1996 Elsev ier Science Inc.