Ja. Castell et Do. Castell, UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND PHARYNGEAL FUNCTION AND OROPHARYNGEAL (TRANSFER) DYSPHAGIA, Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 25(1), 1996, pp. 35
Normal transfer of food through the pharynx during swallowing requires
coordinated activity of the muscular structures of the tongue, pharyn
x, larynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. This activity is modulated
by the V, VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves through the swallowing ce
nter in the medulla. Oropharyngeal (transfer) dysphagia can be caused
by a variety of neural, muscular, or local anatomic lesions. Diagnosis
is best accomplished by barium videoradiography and solid-state manom
etry of swallowing. A multidisciplinary therapeutic approach can be ve
ry helpful in rehabilitation of these patients.