The explosive expansion in microelectronics, with a relentless drive t
owards smaller and smaller circuits, is accompanied by a requirement f
or miniature power sources. Thermoelectric generating devices offer a
potential for meeting this requirement. In this paper an introduction
to the fundamentals of thermoelectric generation is followed by a brie
f description of the basic components of a thermoelectric generator. T
he developments in fabrication methods are outlined which have resulte
d in a progressive reduction in device dimensions from monolithic stru
ctures, a few centimetres in extent, to tapes and films and finally in
tegrated thermoelectric circuits of microscopic dimensions. This is fo
llowed by a comprehensive review of the applications of miniature ther
moelectric generating devices. Finally, some conclusions are drawn reg
arding future advances in this area of thermoelectric research.