Hs. Shulman et al., MICROSTRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY, AND PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIESOF BISMUTH TITANATE, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 79(12), 1996, pp. 3124-3128
A study was conducted on the effects of microstructure, atmosphere, an
d several dopants on the electrical conductivity of bismuth titanate (
Bi4Ti3O12, BIT), Increased grain size increased the conductivity in un
doped BIT as did acceptor dopants that substituted for either Bi (Ca a
nd Sr) or Ti (Fe), A donor dopant (Nb) decreased the conductivity in B
IT by as much as 3 orders of magnitude, The increased resistivity of N
b-doped BIT improved the polarization in an electric field, A piezoele
ctric coefficient, d(33), of 20.0 pC/N was achieved with a Nb-doped BI
T composition corresponding to Bi4Ti2.86Nb0.14O12.