DNA TYPING IN FORENSIC-SCIENCE .1. THEORY AND BACKGROUND

In the last few years, DNA typing procedures have become increasingly important in the fields of forensic science and forensic medicine. Thi s paper reviews background information on DNA and human genetics, and addresses how molecular techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis have been used to detect genetic polymorphism in human populations. The sy stems discussed include single locus RFLP, HLA DQ-alpha, amplified fra gment length polymorphism (AMP-FLPs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and mitochondrial DNA typing. Several DNA typing methods have been throug hly validated for forensic use. With proper control measures, DNA anal ysis should be considered reliable. At this time, DNA evidence/testimo ny is generally accepted by the courts and greatly assists in the reso lution of criminal and civil investigations.