FEMALE PROMOTIONS IN MALE-DOMINANT ORGANIZATIONS - THE CASE OF THE UNITED-STATES MILITARY

This article reports the outcome of more than 350,000 promotion decisi ons affecting middle-grade military officers. Data indicate males have higher promotion rates than females in the Army and Navy, while femal es have higher promotion rates than males in the Air Force. However, m ale and female promotion rates are similar in the combined services, a nd male promotion-rate advantages generally have diminished or disappe ared in recent years. Data further indicate women leave the officer co rps at high rates and are still grossly underrepresented among those p romoted to middle-grade officer ranks.