Male patients present to a clinical andrologist for a variety of probl
ems, most frequently because of erectile dysfunction or decreased libi
do, infertility, or failure to progress through puberty. As in all are
as of medicine, the history and physical examination provide the found
ation for the initial diagnostic impression and determining further bi
ochemical or morphologic studies. The astute clinician can gain many c
lues from a careful history and physical examination.(20,21)