STATUS OF CONE AND SEED INSECT PEST-MANAGEMENT IN CANADIAN SEED ORCHARDS

Many of Canada's conifer seed orchards are entering their productive p hase. In most, if not all seed orchards, insect pest management will b e required in order to meet the seed production targets. Canadian seed orchard managers will soon need to know the basic requirements and wh at information is available to implement an insect pest management pro gram. In this review, a synthesis is provided of the major components of an integrated pest management program for cone and seed insects. A list of the insect pests of conifer cones and seeds in Canada as well as features of their life cycles and population dynamics that could in fluence pest management strategies is presented. Current and future ne eds for insect damage appraisal and insect monitoring techniques are d iscussed. Finally, the various strategies and tactics to control insec ts are reviewed.