With a view to increasing milk production in short time, extensive pro
grammes of improving indigenous cattle by breeding them with exotic da
iry cattle are under way in many a Third world countries including Ind
ia. The success of these programmes is threatened by theileriosis (The
ileria annulata) as the improved cattle are highly susceptible to the
disease after suffering mortality of up to 90%. The infection scenario
in nature being subject to several variables need critical evaluation
for arriving at correct diagnosis. The author has described here 7 na
tural outbreaks of theileriosis, their course, signs and results of la
boratory examination and discussed critically the data establishing de
finitive diagnosis.