Ad. Rozenberg et al., LABORATORY STUDY OF POLARIZED MICROWAVE-SCATTERING BY SURFACE-WAVES AT GRAZING-INCIDENCE - THE INFLUENCE OF LONG WAVES, IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 34(6), 1996, pp. 1331-1342
Laboratory measurements of microwave scattering at grazing incidence f
rom superposed wind and weakly nonlinear (AK<0.024) regular long waves
are presented, This study is an extension of previous measurements wi
th wind waves only, A dual polarized (VV, HH) coherent pulsed Ku-band
(14 GHz) scatterometer with temporal resolution of 3 ns was used to ob
tain Doppler spectra and the absolute cross section of scattered signa
ls for grazing angles from 6 degrees to 25 degrees and winds in the ra
nge 2-12 m/s, A wire wave-gauge array was used to measure the wind-wav
e field. Measurements of the frequency and amplitude modulation of the
scattered signal due to the long waves showed that the data separated
into two groups, The first grouping corresponded to HH scattering in
the upwind direction and was clearly associated with scattering from t
he dominant gravity wind-waves on the crests of the long waves, In thi
s case, the wind speed clearly influences the frequency modulation due
to long waves. The second grouping corresponded to scattering in the
downwind direction and was consistent with Bragg scattering from highe
r frequency waves, In this case the frequency modulation due to orbita
l velocity of the long waves was found to be weakly dependent on wind
speed over the range of parameters studied. This classification of the
electromagnetic scattering was consistent with comparisons of direct
and Doppler measurements of the kinematics of the surface wave field.