Formation of beta-lactams by the reaction of an acid chloride, a Schif
f base and a tertiary amine seems to involve multiple pathways some of
which are very fast at higher temperatures. When beta-lactam formatio
n is conducted in open vessels in unmodified domestic microwave ovens,
high level irradiation lends to preferential formation of trans beta-
lactams in several cases when the Schiff base is derived from an aryl
aldehyde rather than glyceraldehyde acetonide.