In the present study, the distribution of neuropeptides in the human p
enis is demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC screening dete
cted a complex network of nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestina
l polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine-methionine (PHM), prepro-VIP (1
11-122), neuropeptide Y (NPY), C-Ranking peptide of NPY (C-PON), calci
tonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and galanin immunoreactivitie
s. Special attention was also given to the recently isolated, VIP-rela
ted lizard peptide helospectin, which could also be detected in neuron
al elements in the penis. Colocalization studies showed the coexistenc
e of VIP, PHM, and partly helospectin, and of NPY with C-PON within ne
rve fibers in the cavernous and spongious body, the glans penis, and t
he Urethra.