H. Quack et J. Philipp, REDUCTION OF INVESTMENT COSTS BY IMPROVEMENT OF THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY IN CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS, Chemical engineering & technology, 19(6), 1996, pp. 486-488
Carefully directed investments to reduce the thermodynamic losses in c
ritical subsystems often lead to a reduction of the overall investment
costs. This is demonstrated by recent developments in the technology
of low temperature refrigeration. By replacing the Joule-Thomson valve
by a work extracting expander and other modifications of the cycle, o
perating casts are reduced by 40% and investment costs by 20%.