EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) PUPAL DIAPAUSE, INITIATION AND FINAL STAGE OF MOVEMENT OF STEMMATAL EYESPOTS AND ADULT EMERGENCE

Temperature was highly correlated with the initiation and final stage of eyespot movement in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), pupa e. Eyespots were retained in diapausing pupae for at least 20 days at all temperatures studied. Seven to 99% pupal diapause occurred under c onditions of 15, 17 and 18-degrees-C at 10:14 light:dark (L:D) photope riods. No diapause occurred at temperatures of 20-degrees-C and above at 10:14 L:D photoperiod. Adult emergence from nondiapausing pupae ran ged from 11.3 to 31.5 days at 17 to 27-degrees-C. No emergence occurre d from diapausing pupae at any temperatures in less than 38 days, and 99% of the 15 and 17-degrees-C diapause pupae remained in the pupal st age > 60 days when the study was terminated.