Bd. Begg et al., EFFECT OF PARTICLE-SIZE ON THE ROOM-TEMPERATURE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF BARIUM-TITANATE, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 77(12), 1994, pp. 3186-3192
The room-temperature tetragonal-to-cubic transformation in BaTiO3 powd
ers with decreasing particle size has been carefully studied, using ma
terials prepared mainly by hydrothermal methods. Hydrothermal BaTiO3 p
owders exhibited a more uniform particle size distribution than oxalat
e-route powders, with x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy indica
ting that powders less than or equal to 0.19 mu m in size were fully c
ubic while powders greater than or equal to 0.27 mu m were completely
tetragonal (within a 5% detection limit for cubic material) at room te
mperature. The tetragonal-to-cubic transformation temperature was also
found to lie int he range of 121 degrees +/- 3 degrees C for BaTiO3 p
owders with room-temperature (c/a) values > 1.008. No transformation c
ould be detected using differential scanning calorimetry for BaTiO3 pa
rticles with a (c/a) < 1.008 at room temperature. BaTiO3 powder with a
particle size just too small (0.19 mu m) to be tetragonal at room tem
perature remained cubic down to 80 K. Different models for the cubic-t
o-tetragonal room-temperature transformation are discussed. Hydroxyl i
ons do not appear to greatly affect the cubic-to-tetragonal transforma
tion, which appears to be essentially dependent on particle size. It i
s concluded that a model based on surface free energy, as previously d
iscussed for the monoclinic-to-tetragonal transformation at room tempe
rature of fine ZrO2 particles, is consistent with the experimental dat
a.