SONOGRAPHY OF THE FETAL SPINE - TECHNIQUE, IMAGING FINDINGS, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Sonographic evaluation of the fetal spine is an essential part of any fetal survey, and it is included in the current American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine/American College of Radiology and American Coll ege of Obstetrics and Gynecology guidelines for obstetric sonography [ 1, 2]. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of anatomy of th e normal fetal spine and the sonographic findings associated with spin al anomalies, with special emphasis on neural tube defects. Important cranial clues to a spine abnormality initially may be more obvious at sonography than the spine abnormality itself, and the general signific ance of these clues is provided. The expanding role of prenatal matern al serum and amniotic fluid testing is explored, as are the benefits a nd modifications these bring to sonographic evaluations. Finally, the potential benefits of the rapidly advancing technology of three-dimens ional sonography are introduced.