DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL VACCINES TO STIMULATE MUCOSAL AND SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY - BARRIERS AND NOVEL STRATEGIES

Many questions regarding the induction of mucosal and humoral immunity through oral vaccination exist. Efficacy is dependent on the physicoc hemical properties of the antigen, the gastrointestinal environment, t he presence of adjuvants, and the mode of delivery. Understanding how these factors interrelate will be critical to the development of new o ral vaccines. A number of approaches are currently being studied to en hance the immune response. These include chemical conjugation, immuniz ation with recombinant bacteria and viruses, and mucosal adjuvants. Va ccine delivery systems prepared from natural or synthetic polymers is a particularly promising area because many of the current methods to i nduce mucosal stimulation can be incorporated within these systems. Th us, the polymeric delivery system functions as a platform to facilitat e uptake by M-cells and prolong antigen presentation and stimulation o f the Peyer's patches. This Review examines some of the physiological and immunological barriers associated with oral vaccination and discus ses novel strategies to overcome such barriers. (C) 1995 Academic Pres s, Inc.