Dc. Baker et al., EFFECTS OF SUPPLIED CINNAMIC-ACIDS AND BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES ON THE ANTHOCYANINS ACCUMULATED BY WILD CARROT SUSPENSION-CULTURES, Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 39(1), 1994, pp. 79-91
Anthocyanins isolated and characterized from the wild carrot suspensio
n cultures used here were yranosyl-(1-->2)-]beta-D<-galactopyranosylcy
anidin (1), pyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl]cyanidin (2), et
a-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-]beta-D-galactopyranos ylcyanidin (3), pyran
osyl-(1-->2)-]beta-D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (4), beta-D-xylopyranosy
l-(1-->2)-]beta-D-galactopyrano sylcyanidin (5), pyranosyl-(1-->2)-]be
ta-D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (6), anosyl-(1-->6)-[beta-D-xylopyranosy
l-(1-->2)-]beta D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (7), pyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta
-D-galactopyranosyl]cyanidin (8), and 3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)cya
nidin (9). Except when cinnamic acids were provided in the culture med
ium, the major anthocyanin present in the two clones examined was 2. W
hen the naturally occurring and some non-naturally occurring cinnamic
acids were provided individually in the medium, 1 and 2 were minor com
ponents and the anthocyanin acylated with the supplied cinnamic acid,
namely 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 was the major anthocyanin present in the tissu
e. When caffeic acid was provided the major anthocyanin in the tissue
was 4, thereby suggesting that the caffeic acid was methylated before
its use in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Other cinnamic acids supplied had
limited effects on the anthocyanins accumulated and appeared not to r
esult in the accumulation of new anthocyanins by the tissue. Thus the
tissue can use some but not all analogues of sinapic acid to acylate a
nthocyanins. Additional anthocyanins were detected in extracts of the
wild carrot tissue cultures using mass spectrometry (both MSIMS and HP
LC/MS). The additional compounds detected have also been found in cult
ures of black carrot, an Afghan cultivar of Daucus carota ssp. sativa
and the flowers of wild carrot giving no evidence for qualitative diff
erences in the anthocyanins synthesized by subspecies, cell cultures f
rom subspecies, or clones from cell cultures. There are major differen
ces in the amounts of individual anthocyanins found in cultures from d
ifferent subspecies and in different clones from cell cultures. Here a
nthocyanins without acyl groups were usually found in the tissues and
their accumulation is discussed. On the basis of the structures of the
isolated anthocyanins, a likely pathway from cyanidin to the accumula
ted anthocyanins is proposed and discussed.