The current status of carbon dioxide as an angiographic contrast agent
is reviewed in this article. The physical characteristics of intravas
cular carbon dioxide, pertinent physiology, and principles of imaging
are discussed. In addition, the advantages and limitation of carbon di
oxide are compared with those of iodinated contrast. Examples of diagn
ostic and therapeutic procedures in both the arterial and venous syste
ms show the utility of carbon dioxide angiography.