This paper discusses the concepts applied by the food industry to assu
re the microbiological safety of food products. It considers the devel
opment of these concepts and their relevance to the current needs of t
he industry. It discusses hazard and risk ranking, testing and measure
ments, design to a performance standard and the application of HACCP.
It also considers, in depth, the use of formal risk assessment schemes
based on hazard and exposure measurement and some of the difficulties
of applying such schemes to measure microbial risks.