RUMINAL MICROBIAL DIGESTION IN FREE-LIVING, IN CAPTIVE LICHEN-FED, AND IN STARVED REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS) IN WINTER

0In free-living (FL) reindeer eating a natural mixed winter diet domin ated by lichens, captive (CF) reindeer fed pure lichens ad libitum, an d CF reindeer subsequently starved for 1 day (CS1 reindeer) or 4 days (CS4 reindeer), the dominant rumen anaerobic bacteria were characteriz ed, their population densities were estimated, and ruminal pH and vola tile fatty acid concentrations were determined. In the FL reindeer, th e total median viable anaerobic bacterial population ranged from 18 x 10(8) to 35 x 10(8) cells per mi of rumen fluid (n = 4), compared with 26 x 10(8) to 34 x 10(8) and 0.09 x 10(8) to 0.1 x 10(8) cells per mi of rumen fluid in CF reindeer (n = 2) and CS4 reindeer (n = 2), respe ctively. The median bacterial population adhering to the rumen solids ranged from 260 x 10(8) to 450 x 10(8), 21 x 10(8) to 38 x 10(8), and 0.5 x 10(8) to 1.9 x 10(8) cells per g (wet weight) of rumen solids in FL, CF, and CS4 reindeer, respectively. Although there were variation s in the rumen bacterial composition among the FL reindeer (n = 4), st rains of Bacteroides, Fibrobacter, Streptococcus, and Clostridium domi nated in the rumen fluid. Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. were the dominant bacteria in the CF reindeer (n = 2), while in the CS4 re indeer (n = 2) the dominant bacteria were Fusobacterium spp., members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and Eubacterium spp. Transmission el ectron micrographs of lichen particles from the rumen of one FL reinde er, one CF reindeer, and one CS4 reindeer show bacteria resembling Bac teroides spp. adhering to the lichen particles, evidently digesting th e lichen hyphae from the inside. The median ruminal volatile fatty aci d concentrations and acetate/propionate ratios were 78.9 mmol/liter an d 4.0, respectively, in the FL reindeer (n = 4), compared with 66.7 mm ol/liter and 3.0 in the CF reindeer (n = 4) and 19.9 mmol/liter and 5. 3 in the CS4 reindeer (n = 4). In comparison with a pure lichen diet, a mixed natural winter diet seems to increase the bacterial numbers as sociated with the rumen solid fraction and to increase rumen fermentat ion in favor of plant fiber digestion. Starvation greatly reduced the bacterial population densities and changed the bacterial species compo sition in the rumen.