In Russia, specialized education of clinical laboratory physicians who
work in the positions of medical technologists, head of laboratory or
one of its divisions is conducted in various forms of postgraduate tr
aining, namely internship, primary specialization courses, advanced st
udy courses, graduate clinical studies and postgraduate fellowship. Su
ch education is offered at 14 Departments for Clinical Laboratory Diag
nostics, which are located within the Institutes for Advanced Medical
Studies or at Faculties for Advanced Medical Studies in Medical Instit
utes, Until the present, the primary specialization courses and the ad
vanced study courses have been the most prevalent forms of training cl
inical laboratory professionals. These two types of courses offer form
al lectures, seminars as well as practical classes, and the course con
tents are regulated by a uniform curriculum promulgated by the Ministr
y of Health. Training in these courses is the necessary prerequisite t
o obtain degrees of advanced qualification as an expert in clinical la
boratory diagnostics, which in turn provides access to better remunera
ted positions.