EFFECT OF SAMPLING GEOMETRY ON ELEMENTAL EMISSIONS IN LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY

In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a focused laser pulse is used to ablate material from a surface and form a laser plasma that excites the vaporized material, Geometric factors, such as the distan ce between the sample and the focusing lens and the method of collecti ng the plasma light, can greatly influence the analytical results, To obtain the best quantitative results, one must consider this geometry. Here we report the results of an investigation of the effect of sampl ing geometry on LIBS measurements. Diagnostics include time-resolved s pectroscopy and temporally and spectrally resolved imaging using an ac ousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Parameters investigated include the type of lens (cylindrical or spherical) used to focus the Laser pulse onto the sample, the focal length of the lens (75 or 150 mm), the len s-to-sample distance (LTSD), the angle-of-incidence of the laser pulse onto the sample, and the method used to collect the plasma light (len s or fiber-optic bundle), From these studies, it was found that atomic emission intensities, plasma temperature, and mass of ablated materia l depend strongly on the LTSD for both types of Lenses, For laser puls e energies above the breakdown threshold for air, these quantities exh ibit symmetric behavior about an LTSD approximately equal to the back focal length for cylindrical lenses and asymmetric behavior for spheri cal lenses, For pulse energies below the air breakdown threshold, resu lts obtained for both lenses display symmetric behavior, Detection lim its and measurement precision for the elements Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sr, determined with the use of 14 certified reference soils and strea m sediments, were found to be independent of the lens used. Time-resol ved images of the laser plasma show that at times >5 mu s after plasma formation a cloud of emitting atoms extends significantly beyond the centrally located, visibly white, intense plasma core present at early times (<0.3 mu s). It was determined that, by collecting light from t he edges of the emitting cloud, one can record spectra using an ungate d detector (no time resolution) that resemble closely the spectra obta ined from a gated detector providing time-resolved detection. This res ult has implications in the development of less expensive LIBS detecti on systems.