The past year has provided more detail on the formation of native disu
lphide bonds during protein folding at biosynthesis and has identified
important cellular factors in the oxidative folding compartments, nam
ely the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and the bacterial periplasm.
This information has enabled traditional in vitro refolding studies to
be re-evaluated and their relevance as models for folding in the cell
to be established.