OXIDATION OF ACETYLATED GUANOSINE BY 3,3-DISUBSTITUTED 1,2-DIOXETANESTHROUGH NUCLEOPHILIC-ATTACK ON THE PEROXIDE BOND - MODEL STUDIES ON THE OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE BY REACTIVE PEROXIDES

The reaction of the disubstituted 3-(methoxymethyl)-3-phenyl-1,2-dioxe tane (1a) with the acetylated guanine nucleoside (2) in methanol affor ds 8-methoxyguanosine 5 as oxidation product, as well as guanine (6) a nd 1-methoxyribose 7 by deglycosylation (total yield ca. 30%). The dio xetane-derived reduction product constitutes the 1,2-diol 40, while th e major dioxetane-derived product (85%) is omega-methoxyacetophenone ( 3a). A Grob-type fragmentation is made responsible for the exclusive f ormation of the dioxetane cleavage products in the reactions with the acetylated nucleosides 8-10 derived from adenine, cytosine, and thymin e. Rather than redox chemistry, this guanosine oxidation, unprecedente d for peroxides, is proposed to involve nucleophilic attack by the N-7 atom of the nucleosides on the peroxide bond of the dioxetane la elec trophile to generate a zwitterionic intermediate. S(N)2 attack by meth anol at the C-8 position of the guanine moiety in the zwitterionic int ermediate leads to the 8-methoxyguanosine 5 and the diol 4a. Alternati vely, heterolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bond affords the methoxyl ated ribose 7 (after methanol trapping) and the N-7-alkoxylated guanin e. The latter, after protonation, subsequently undergoes Grob fragment ation into guanine (6) and the dioxetane decomposition products omega- methoxyacetophenone (3a) and formaldehyde. We propose that the present novel oxidation of guanosine is general for electrophilic peroxides a nd may constitute a prominent route of oxidative DNA damage. In contra st, the corresponding 3-(bromethyl)-3-phenyl- 1,2-dioxetane (1b) gave with the guanosine 2 an intractable, complex product mixture, for whic h presumably the bromo substituent is responsible on account of compet itive alkylation chemistry. However, with the 2'-deoxythymidine 10, a novel acid-catalyzed ring-opening of the bromo-substituted dioxetane I b to its beta-methoxy hydroperoxide 11b is observed, a reaction which does not take place for the methoxy-substituted dioxetane 1a. This unu sual process for simple dioxetanes is rationalized in terms of stabili zation of the intermediary benzylic cation by the adjacent beta-bromo substituent through neighboring group participation.