M. Pirmohamed et al., METABOLISM AND BIOACTIVATION OF CLOZAPINE BY HUMAN LIVER IN-VITRO, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 272(3), 1995, pp. 984-990
The metabolism of clozapine by human liver has been investigated in vi
tro. Irreversible protein-binding and conjugation with model nucleophi
les have been used as markers for bioactivation of clozapine, white st
able metabolite formation has been assessed using radiometric HPLC. In
all nine liver microsomal preparations investigated, clozapine was ex
tensively metabolized to the stable products desmethylclozapine (range
19%-27.2%), N-oxide (1.5-20.5%) and three polar metabolites (0-20.8%)
, and was bioactivated to a protein-reactive metabolite (0.6-2.1%). Th
e CYP2D6 genotype did not influence the capacity of the livers to form
these metabolites. All metabolic pathways were inhibited by ketoconaz
ole, indicating the involvement of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, Isozym
e-selective inhibitor studies demonstrated that whereas demethylation
was performed by CYP1A2, N-oxidation and chemically reactive metabolit
e formation were dependent upon multiple forms of P450. The N-oxide wa
s readily reduced back to clozapine in the presence of NADPH, this con
version being inhibited by ascorbic acid. Glutathione (1 mM) decreased
covalent binding by 70%. The amount of putative adduct formed in the
presence of glutathione (13.4 +/- 0.9%) was much greater than the cova
lent binding (mean 1.1 +/- 0.2%). The bioactivation of clozapine was,
like the N-oxidation of clozapine, a reversible process. In summary, o
ur results indicate clozapine undergoes extensive metabolism by human
liver to both stable and chemically reactive metabolites, the formatio
n of which is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzymes, The role of th
e reactive metabolite, which may be a free radical, in the pathogenesi
s of clozapine agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity requires further stu
dy.