MULTIVARIATE AND MODERATED WITHIN-ENTITY AND BETWEEN-ENTITY ANALYSIS (WABA) USING HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MULTIPLE-REGRESSION

Leadership scholars have increasingly been interested in exploring mul ti- and cross-level relationships in their research. However, multivar iate and moderator variable approaches for examining these relationshi ps are apparently not well-developed and well-understood. Building upo n the within- and between-entities analysis (''WABA'') framework of Da nsereau, Alutto, and Yammarino (1984), this article first develops and then illustrates how multivariate and moderator analyses may be condu cted using the WABA approach. A further extension of WABA, suggested b y George and James (1993) and incorporating an analysis for between-en tities moderation of within-entities effects, is also proposed and ill ustrated-allowing researchers to better assess whether obtained within -entity (''parts'') parameter estimates hold across all entities (i.e. , indicative of only nonrelative relationships) or not. Finally, three recently raised concerns about WABA, and directions for future resear ch, are considered briefly.