Lt. Lam et al., INFLUENCE OF BISMUTH ON THE AGE-HARDENING AND CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF LOW-ANTIMONY LEAD ALLOYS IN LEAD-ACID-BATTERY SYSTEMS, Journal of power sources, 53(1), 1995, pp. 63-74
The effects of bismuth additions in the range 0.006-0.086 wt.% on the
metallurgical and electrochemical properties of Pb-1.5 wt.% Sb alloy a
re investigated. The self-discharge behaviour of batteries produced wi
th grids of the doped alloys is also evaluated. Addition of bismuth is
found to exert no significant effects on the age-hardening behaviour,
general microstructure or grain size of the alloy. It does, however,
influence the morphology of the eutectic in the inter-dendritic region
s. The latter changes from a mainly lamellar to an irregular type with
increasing bismuth content. The corrosion rate of the grid decreases
with increase of the bismuth content. Attack occurs preferentially in
the inter-dendritic regions where there is an enrichment of both antim
ony and bismuth. Electron-probe microanalysis shows that the corrosion
zone consists of a tri-layered structure, namely: a dense, continuous
, inner layer (PbO1.1); a central layer (PbO1.8.PbSO4); a porous outer
layer n(PbO1.8) PbSO4, with n = 2-8. In the latter, the value of n in
creases in the direction of corrosive penetration into the grid. Data
from atomic absorption spectrometric analysis reveal that bismuth, aft
er oxidative leaching from the grid substrate, is retained mainly in t
he corrosion layer. A key observation is that bismuth (i.e., up to sim
ilar to 0.09 wt.%) does not affect the self-discharge behaviour of bat
teries.