2D GRAVITY AND RANDOM MATRICES

We review recent progress in 2D gravity coupled to d < 1 conformal mat ter, based on a representation of discrete gravity in terms of random matrices. We discuss the saddle point approximation for these models, including a class of related O(n) matrix models. For d < 1 matter, the matrix problem can be completely solved in many cases by the introduc tion of suitable orthogonal polynomials. Alternatively, in the continu um limit the orthogonal polynomial method can be shown to be equivalen t to the construction of representations of the canonical commutation relations in terms of differential operators. In the case of pure grav ity or discrete Ising-like matter, the sum over topologies is reduced to the solution of nonlinear differential equations (the Painleve equa tion in the pure gravity case) which can be shown to follow from an ac tion principle. In the case of pure gravity and more generally all uni tary models, the perturbation theory is not Borel summable and therefo re alone does not define a unique solution. In the non-Borel summable case, the matrix model does not define the sum over topologies beyond perturbation theory. We also review the computation of correlation fun ctions directly in the continuum formulation of matter coupled to 2D g ravity, and compare with the matrix model results. Finally, we review the relation between matrix models and topological gravity, and as wel l the relation to intersection theory of the moduli space of punctured Riemann surfaces.