Tx. Li et al., MOVEMENT STRESS OF BELLOWS SUBJECTED TO DISPLACEMENT LOADING OF VARIOUS KINDS, International journal of pressure vessels and piping, 62(2), 1995, pp. 171-177
When a bellows is subjected to axial movement, the maximum meridional
stress of each longitudinal line per convolution is the same, but ther
e would be a great difference if lateral deflection or angular rotatio
n were applied. The corresponding formulae for the last situation are
deduced in this paper and testified by our experiment. These formulae
are suitable to be used in engineering projects. This paper also point
s out that the maximum meridional stress is larger than the circumfere
ntial stress for each kind of displacement loading. The maximum meridi
onal stress usually lies in the root of the convolution. These maximum
stress points are usually the dangerous areas for bellows fatigue fai
lure.