T. Suzuki et al., THERMOOSMOSIS AND TRANSPORTED ENTROPY OF WATER ACROSS HYDROCARBONSULFONIC ACID-TYPE CATION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 68(2), 1995, pp. 493-501
Solvent transport across hydrocarbonsulfonic acid-type cation-exchange
membranes was measured for aqueous electrolyte solutions under a temp
erature difference and an osmotic pressure difference. The hydrocarbon
sulfonic acid-type cation-exchange membranes, Aciplex(R) K-181, Aciple
x(R) K-182, and Neosepta(R) C66-5T with the H+, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, CH
3NH3+, (CH3)(2)NH2+, (CH3)(3)NH+, (CH3N+, (C2H5N+, (n-C3H7N+, and (n-C
4H9N+ forms were used. The direction of thermoosmosis across the membr
anes with the H+ and the Na+ forms was from the cold side to the hot s
ide, as observed for various anion-exchange membranes. However, the di
rection was from the hot side to the cold side for the membranes with
ammonium and the alkylated ammonium ion forms, except for Neosepta(R)
C66-5T with the (CH3N+, (C2H5N+, and (n-C3H7N+ forms. This is why the
entropy of the water in the membranes will increase with increasing th
e number of hydrogens combining with the nitrogen of the alkylated amm
onium counterions, because they are exchangeable with the hydrogens of
water molecules in the membranes. Thermoosmosis across the membranes
with the (n-C3H7N+ and the (n-C4H9N+ forms will also occur toward the
cold side, because the hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic
alkyl groups of the counterions and the membrane matrix is very stron
g and the membranes act as a hydrophobic polyethylene membrane.