STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOVINE CLAW - HORN GROWTH AND WEAR,HORN HARDNESS AND CLAW CONFORMATION

Claw quality is the product of horn characteristics, claw shape and an atomy and physiology of the inner structure. This paper aims to review some of the different approaches that have been employed to evaluate claw quality. The various factors that may influence horn growth and w ear are reviewed, including physiological, seasonal, nutritional, envi ronmental, management and anatomical aspects. Horn hardness is similar ly described. Claw conformation is discussed, commencing with a brief outline of the various methods used to determine claw shape and size, followed by an account of some of the factors that influence claw conf ormation. The clinical importance of claw conformation in cattle is co nsidered with particular reference to lameness, longevity and producti on traits. Finally, the prospect of improving claw quality by selectio n of bulls based on claw measurements is reviewed.