J. Hu et al., IMAGING THE CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION OF MOLECULARLY THIN-FILMS OFWATER WITH NANOMETER RESOLUTION, Science, 268(5208), 1995, pp. 267-269
The polarization force between an electrically charged atomic force mi
croscope tip and a substrate has been used to follow the processes of
condensation and evaporation of a monolayer of water on mica at room t
emperature. Condensation proceeds in two distinct structural phases. U
p to about 25 percent humidity, the water film grows by forming two-di
mensional clusters of less than a few 1000 angstroms in diameter. Abov
e about 25 percent humidity, a second phase grows, forming large two-d
imensional islands with geometrical shapes in epitaxial relation with
the underlaying mica lattice. The growth of this second water phase is
completed when the humidity reaches about 45 percent. The reverse pro
cess of evaporation has also been imaged.