M. Mark et al., ROLES OF RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS AND OF HOX GENES IN THE PATTERNING OF THE TEETH AND OF THE JAW SKELETON, The International journal of developmental biology, 39(1), 1995, pp. 111-121
Retinoic acid receptors and transcriptional factors encoded by Hox gen
es play key roles in vertebrate development and belong to an integrate
d functional network. To investigate the actual functions of these mol
ecules during ontogenesis and in particular in the patterning of the c
ranial neural crest cells giving rise to the teeth and to the jaw bone
s, we have generated null mutant mice lacking functional retinoic acid
receptors or Hox genes by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.