Density of red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 had been estimated o
n the area of the Slowinski National Park (Poland, at Baltic Sea shore
) from 1990 until 1993. Four research techniques were used: (1) spring
observations in open areas adjacent to forest tracts, (2) night obser
vations in spot-lights, (3) sample drives, and (4) winter tracking in
snow. It was found that the first two underestimate actual deer number
s. Density based on driving census amounts to ca 12 ind/km(2) of fores
ts and reeds. This high density was confirmed by results of winter tra
cking.